Biology Reference Sheet Reference Sheet Generator
Genetic code table, key formulas, and units with sourced data. No AI, no credits.
A printable reference sheet with the standard genetic code table (NCBI transl_table=1, with source shown), key biology formulas (Hardy-Weinberg, magnification, surface area to volume, Simpson’s index, Lincoln index, growth formulas), and unit conversions. No AI, so it never uses a generation credit.
What students practice
- Biology
- Reference
Live sample sheet
Biology Reference Sheet
Standard Genetic Code (NCBI transl_table=1)
| First base | Second base → | Codons (third base: T, C, A, G) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | T | TTT Phe | TTC Phe | TTA Leu | TTG Leu |
| T | C | TCT Ser | TCC Ser | TCA Ser | TCG Ser |
| T | A | TAT Tyr | TAC Tyr | TAA Stop | TAG Stop |
| T | G | TGT Cys | TGC Cys | TGA Stop | TGG Trp |
| C | T | CTT Leu | CTC Leu | CTA Leu | CTG Leu |
| C | C | CCT Pro | CCC Pro | CCA Pro | CCG Pro |
| C | A | CAT His | CAC His | CAA Gln | CAG Gln |
| C | G | CGT Arg | CGC Arg | CGA Arg | CGG Arg |
| A | T | ATT Ile | ATC Ile | ATA Ile | ATG Met |
| A | C | ACT Thr | ACC Thr | ACA Thr | ACG Thr |
| A | A | AAT Asn | AAC Asn | AAA Lys | AAG Lys |
| A | G | AGT Ser | AGC Ser | AGA Arg | AGG Arg |
| G | T | GTT Val | GTC Val | GTA Val | GTG Val |
| G | C | GCT Ala | GCC Ala | GCA Ala | GCG Ala |
| G | A | GAT Asp | GAC Asp | GAA Glu | GAG Glu |
| G | G | GGT Gly | GGC Gly | GGA Gly | GGG Gly |
Stop codons: TAA, TAG, TGA. Start codon: AUG (Met). Source: NCBI Taxonomy — The Standard Code (transl_table=1), table 1, retrieved 2026-10-11.
Units and Conversions
| 1 millimeter (mm) | = 10⁻³ m = 10³ micrometers (µm) |
| 1 micrometer (µm) | = 10⁻⁶ m = 10³ nanometers (nm) |
| 1 nanometer (nm) | = 10⁻⁹ m |
| 1 meter (m) | = 10³ mm = 10⁶ µm = 10⁹ nm |
Conventions
Allele notation: uppercase = dominant, lowercase = recessive.
Complete dominance unless stated otherwise.
Independent assortment is assumed for dihybrid crosses.
Pedigree symbols: square = male, circle = female, filled = affected, half-filled = carrier.
Probabilities describe offspring of this one cross, not a population.
Made with TeachSpark · Genetic code: NCBI Taxonomy — The Standard Code (transl_table=1), retrieved 2026-10-11
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Frequently asked questions
Do students need an account to use the Biology Reference Sheet?
No. Students never need an account. They open a shared link or join with a code.
Can I print the Biology Reference Sheet without signing up?
Yes. This tool computes answers by code, so you can generate, preview and print reference sheet without an account. A free account adds saving and student links.
How are the answers computed?
Every answer is computed by code and verified by a second independent method. No AI is used.
What grades is the Biology Reference Sheet for?
This tool fits Grades 6 – 12.
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Students never need an account — they open a shared link or join with a code.
Sample output, computed by code — change the options and Generate to make your own
Biology Reference Sheet
Standard Genetic Code (NCBI transl_table=1)
| First base | Second base → | Codons (third base: T, C, A, G) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | T | TTT Phe | TTC Phe | TTA Leu | TTG Leu |
| T | C | TCT Ser | TCC Ser | TCA Ser | TCG Ser |
| T | A | TAT Tyr | TAC Tyr | TAA Stop | TAG Stop |
| T | G | TGT Cys | TGC Cys | TGA Stop | TGG Trp |
| C | T | CTT Leu | CTC Leu | CTA Leu | CTG Leu |
| C | C | CCT Pro | CCC Pro | CCA Pro | CCG Pro |
| C | A | CAT His | CAC His | CAA Gln | CAG Gln |
| C | G | CGT Arg | CGC Arg | CGA Arg | CGG Arg |
| A | T | ATT Ile | ATC Ile | ATA Ile | ATG Met |
| A | C | ACT Thr | ACC Thr | ACA Thr | ACG Thr |
| A | A | AAT Asn | AAC Asn | AAA Lys | AAG Lys |
| A | G | AGT Ser | AGC Ser | AGA Arg | AGG Arg |
| G | T | GTT Val | GTC Val | GTA Val | GTG Val |
| G | C | GCT Ala | GCC Ala | GCA Ala | GCG Ala |
| G | A | GAT Asp | GAC Asp | GAA Glu | GAG Glu |
| G | G | GGT Gly | GGC Gly | GGA Gly | GGG Gly |
Stop codons: TAA, TAG, TGA. Start codon: AUG (Met). Source: NCBI Taxonomy — The Standard Code (transl_table=1), table 1, retrieved 2026-10-11.
Units and Conversions
| 1 millimeter (mm) | = 10⁻³ m = 10³ micrometers (µm) |
| 1 micrometer (µm) | = 10⁻⁶ m = 10³ nanometers (nm) |
| 1 nanometer (nm) | = 10⁻⁹ m |
| 1 meter (m) | = 10³ mm = 10⁶ µm = 10⁹ nm |
Conventions
Allele notation: uppercase = dominant, lowercase = recessive.
Complete dominance unless stated otherwise.
Independent assortment is assumed for dihybrid crosses.
Pedigree symbols: square = male, circle = female, filled = affected, half-filled = carrier.
Probabilities describe offspring of this one cross, not a population.
Made with TeachSpark · Genetic code: NCBI Taxonomy — The Standard Code (transl_table=1), retrieved 2026-10-11
Biology Reference Sheet - Biology
Genetic code table, key formulas, and units with sourced data. No AI, no credits.